UK Curved Sword Law

SUMMARY

It is illegal in the UK (under section 141 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988, most recently updated in September 2024) to own a curved sword, but there are some EXEMPTIONS and DEFENCE EXEMPTIONS to this if the curved sword is either:

of historical importance
traditionally made
to be used for historical re-enactments
to be used for sporting activities
for use in film and theatre
possessed on behalf of a museum or gallery, or lent or hired by a museum or gallery for cultural, artistic or educational purposes
possessed for religious reasons (eg. Sikhs)
Antique weapons, over 100 years old, are exempted from section 141 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988.
the blade is blunt (this is a new addition as of September 2024)

Any of these must be demonstrable. Some of these are more difficult to prove or demonstrate than others. My recommendation to people involved in martial arts, sport or historical re-enactment, is to have public liability insurance or a membership card for an organisation with such insurance. This, alongside antiques, are probably the most cast iron and easily demonstrated defences/exemptions. This is also the easiest to prove to Border Force or Police.

In recent years, I have been contacted increasingly frequently by organisations and individuals in need of assistance in navigating the confusing and messy legislation on curved swords brought in by the Home Office in 2008 and 2019 (updated 2024). There is confusion among the Police, courts and hobbyists and sports, and I want to help reduce this. Very frequently I see examples of officials who simply do not understand or know the law. In their defence, it has changed many times in a short space of time, and not been well communicated by government.

This page is a useful first point of reference (though as of January 2025, is a little out of date already!):

https://nbcc.police.uk/business-support/knife-guidance/offensive-weapons-act

If you have found this page and work for a law firm or the police, and you need assistance, I might be able to help. I have so far provided advice to various police forces and several dozen law firms, to advise on the legality of specific curved swords (where they might be antique, traditionally made, or have another legal defence for ownership).

I now provide reports for law firms at a reasonable rate, and will work pro bono for the police in most situations. I am of course not a legal professional, but I am an antique and edged weapon professional, working with museums, TV/Film and other organisations. I can advise on any aspect of a sword's age, historical importance, or method of manufacture. I appreciate that even for lawyers, courts and the police, the current laws are very confusing, and I am now very acquainted with them (unfortunately!).

I cannot unfortunately provide individual advice to collectors, because I simply don't have the available time to respond to the volume of emails I get on this topic. Collectors should read everything on this page, see my videos, and acquaint themselves with the law as best they can.

Police and law firms can contact me at scholagladiatoriachannel@gmail.com

Why the law needs to change: My opinion

The curved sword ban has had no demonstrable beneficial effect on violent crime since 2008, but has disadvantaged hundreds of thousands of people engaged in lawful hobbies, cultural & heritage activities, sports and businesses in the UK. Numerous businesses have closed down or moved abroad as a result. It also places a burden on Border Force, the Police and Magistrates' courts. In my opinion, it should be reversed to the pre-2008 status.

All officials I communicate with agree that this law is a mess and of negligible benefit to anyone, only creating confusion and higher workloads. It has done nothing to reduce knife crime (which has gone up!), and only inconvenienced law-abiding citizens and officials.

The tragic statistics made for hard reading (and the stats only seem to get worse with time) and the Home Office had to respond with new strategies. The politicians went for the easy-win low-hanging fruit of 'ban something', rather than looking to the fundamental causes of rising violent crime, such as poverty, gang culture, job opportunities, and the drugs trade. With decades of bans, knife crime has continued to rise. Sword/knife bans don't seem to work. It is time for new thinking and not simply repeating the mistakes of the past.

Every house contains readily-available kitchen knives and these are used in the vast majority of cases. Kitchen knives will always be available to criminals. Even the homicides carried out with zombie knives and machetes are dwarfed by the number carried out with kitchen knives:

Source data: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/datasets/appendixtableshomicideinenglandandwales?_ga=2.228027736.472681568.1719476530-1205554490.1719476530

Despite endless object bans, the available statistics from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) do not seem to demonstrate that any of these strategies have worked:
"In recent police recorded crime figures published by the ONS which showed a 9% decrease in the number of knife and offensive weapon offences recorded from 38,728 in year ending March 2020 to 35,217 in year ending March 2021 followed by a 16% increase to 40,920 in year ending March 2022."

(source: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/knife-and-offensive-weapon-sentencing-statistics-year-ending-march-2022 )

Swords are incredibly rarely used in murders of violent crime, yet they are used by literally hundreds of thousands of UK citizens in hobbies, sports and cultural activities.

The government needs to drastically rethink their strategy and reverse some of the poor decisions of the last few decades. The government needs to stop punishing the law abiding, and deal with the causes of violent crime.

BACKGROUND

This page is intended to be a resource for both the Police and Border Force, as well as for the tens of thousands of UK citizens conducting sporting and cultural activities legally using curved swords on a weekly basis all across the UK.

I am a former Civil Servant myself (17 years in Westminster).

As someone now with high visibility through my events and YouTube, being involved with curved swords in many aspects of my work and hobbies, I get asked a lot about this topic.

Here I have set out my best understanding of the current situation (as of January 2025).

In the future we hope to try and make the current difficult situation better for all involved. It does not seem to be a sustainable position at the moment, and is causing huge backlogs for Civil Servants, financial loss for businesses, and stress for hobbyists.

Who uses curved swords in the UK?

fencers (in schools, universities, holiday camps and clubs)
historical re-enactors (everything from medieval, to English Civil War, Napoleonic & Victorian)
martial artists (Asian and European martial arts)
actors and drama students
fight choreographers
stunt performers
theatres
movie sets
public displays (parades or shows)
museums
experimental archaeologists
artists and galleries
dancers (eg. belly dancing)
traditional Indian ceremonies
Collectors and researchers
Makers/sellers of Armed Forces parade swords (military are exempted, but not their families or suppliers)
The British Army and Navy (who are exempted, but not once they retire from service and still own their parade sword)
Retired Armed Forces officers
Police dress swords
Antique sword collectors, historians & researchers (antiques are exempt, but the police are not able to ID antiques themselves)

In addition to the above, there are many items which are not typically considered as 'curved swords', but which might get captured by this law, such as garden tools, like hedging bills, sickles, machete and pruning saws. Also large butcher, fishmonger and kebab knives, used in everyday work applications.

The so-called 'Samurai Sword Ban'

Since 2008, curved swords with a blade over 50cm long have been prohibited under UK law, with certain 'defences' and exemptions. They are listed on the list of offensive prohibited weapons (alongside things like flick knives).

Ownership is allowed with certain legally-recognised defences. Prior to 2008 they were not regulated and hundreds of thousands of UK people used curved swords in their sports, hobbies, and jobs without hinderance. Since the prohibition, knife crime has continued to rise steadily.

The legal defences to the 2008 law were deliberately added by the Home Office to allow the lawful continuation of a diverse and hugely popular range of activities, including fencing, martial arts, historical reenactment, theatre productions and film making.

No method was advised in the legislation for administrating or checking these defences, and the burden has fallen on officials and the public to try and comply as they see best, with confusion, delays, cost and errors.

The activities affected by the law covers hundreds of thousands of people in the UK, including schools, universities, museums and the movie industry. They contribute to national health, culture, wealth, prestige and well being. Many people are continuing with their activities, oblivious to the legal changes and their vulnerable legal position.

Regarding the defences, the .Gov website states:

“Restricted offensive weapons may also be imported:

• for the production of films

Swords with a curved blade of 50cm or more may be imported where the weapon:

• was made before 1954

• was made by traditional hand sword making methods

• is only available for the purposes of use in religious ceremonies or for martial arts

• is for use in a historical re-enactments or sporting activity for example a martial arts demonstration for which public liability insurance is held”

(Source: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/import-controls-on-offensive-weapons )

* Note that in September 2024 the law was updated to include a defence for blunt blades - see below for detail

Antique Curved Swords

It should be noted that antiques (over 100 years old) are explicitly exempt from these Offensive Weapon laws, and that curved swords additionally have an explicit defence if made before 1954, or by traditional methods at any other time.

However, the police are not antique experts and they are known to have seized antique swords, which must then be identified by antique experts before they will be released back to the lawful owners. This causes a huge amount of expense, takes up administrative time in the legal system and for the police, and is very stressful for the legal owners.

The 'spirit' of the law abused

While this law was intended to prohibit 'samurai swords', unfortunately the precise wording of the law after going through various committees means that it has been applied to all sorts of objects which are absolutely not 'samurai swords'. This is highly problematic for a wide range of professions, industries and hobbies, and indeed also for police and courts. For example, I myself write reports for solicitors on the legality of seized knives and swords, and in one case I have seen an antique French model 1866 Chassepot bayonet seized. This is NOT a curved sword, certainly not a 'samurai sword', and being antique is exempt from this law anyway. I feel that the original law was intended to be applied to 'samurai swords', not to European sabres, bayonets and various other objects which were never supposed to be prohibited.

Did you know?

The law until recently makes no distinction between blunt and sharp. A blunt foil, reenactment or theatrical sword was subject to the same laws as a razor sharp one. This looks to have been addressed in the new updated Sept/Oct 2024 Offensive Weapons Act amendments, with a new defence for blunt blades.
Curved is not defined AT ALL in the law. If a straight sword gets bent in use, does it become a curved sword and therefore illegal?
Various types of military officers' swords are slightly curved, but NOT antique. Once they leave the service, their swords are subject to the same laws as anyone else.
Certain types of garden, outdoor and trade tool can fall under curved sword laws, for example scythes.
Fencing foils become curved in use, bringing them under the 2008 law. Fencing is a high profile Olympic sport, with many clubs in schools and universities. Tens of thousands of fencing foils are kept in schools and sports clubs. In the word of the law, most fencing foils are now classed as prohibited Offensive Weapons until a legal defence for ownership is proven.
Historical re-enactors use many types of curved sword, covering many historical periods, from the Roman era until the modern day.
Martial artists use both blunt and sharp curved swords for a wide variety of traditional cultural arts, from across the world.
Several types of Army and Navy officers' swords are curved, and while they are exempted when serving, they are not when they leave the service. Nor are their families exempted when buying them a sword as a gift.
Many types of tool, such as pruning saws and scythes can have curved blades over 50cm long.
Many famous statues are wearing curved swords.
Many public shows and parades involve the carrying and display of curved swords.
Many of the most iconic characters from film and TV use curved swords.
No mention in the law describes the material of the curved sword, so it could perhaps even be used to prohibit plastic or foam toy swords.

Elephant in the room: What are "traditional hand sword making methods"?

One of the legal defences for owning, buying, selling and importing curved swords is that the sword be made by hand, by traditional sword making methods. That is absolutely explicit in the words of the Act and is published on various government websites.

Tens or hundreds of thousands of swords have been imported under this legal defence, and have passed through HMRC, Border Force and the Police since this law was brought in, adding recognition, legal precedent and validity to that defence. I lieu of more specificity in the written law, we must rely on case examples and case law.

So, what exactly are traditional sword making methods?

Before we answer that question, it is important to note that various people have sought greater clarity on this point from the Home Office, but they have so far not shared any details more widely on the matter. It is therefore left up to us, the police and the courts to establish a consensus.

This consensus has already started to solidify, thanks to the many thousands of swords which have been seized by Border Force and the Police, and subsequently released back to their owners when proof of traditional craftsmanship was demonstrated (at great time and cost to all involved unfortunately).

Traditional sword making in history:

Swords have been made by many diverse methods over the centuries, and these methods vary by both date and geography/culture.

However, there are some general features which absolutely everyone involved in the history of sword making would agree upon:

Sword blades are generally made of metal (usually iron, steel or bronze)
Iron and steel have been traditionally forged by hand or assisted by power/trip hammers for hundreds of years, but were also occasionally rolled in machines during the 1800s. Various types of steel have been used traditionally
Bronze blades have traditionally been cast in a mould
Once the approximate shape of the blade is achieved, the blade is usually worked on a grinding wheel, or filed, to bring it closer to the final form
Steel sword blades are often quenched (eg. in oil or water) to achieve hardness and often tempered to give resilience, though in a variety of ways dependent on the steel type and the culture. These various ways are all traditional and all historical
Once the final shape of the blade is achieved, the blade is usually polished, often with the assistance of machines
The hilt is then fitted to the tang of the blade and secured by various means
Finally the sword is sharpened

This is a very general and brief overview, but one of the important points to note is that for hundreds of years, various forms of machine have been involved in sword making around the world. Whether it was hand-operated bellows, water-driven trip hammers, or grinding wheels, or various forms of powered polishing devices. Steam power was also used extensively in the 19th century. Water, steam, gravity, animal and other forms of powered machine have been used in sword making since Roman times and perhaps earlier. The use of machines in sword making, or any traditional craft, is not new.

With the above in mind, it should be pointed out that the vast majority of swords being produced today in any country in the world are being made with 'traditional hand making' methods. Sword makers in Europe, China, Japan, India and Thailand, for some examples, are generally making sword blades by forging, grinding, polishing, hilt-mounting and sharpening by hand, in very similar ways that they have done for hundreds of years.

So perhaps the remaining question is, which are the curved swords NOT being made by hand according to traditional sword making methods? I am not sure. None of the sword manufacturers I work with use a modern form of sword production that is different to what people were doing 100, 200 or 500 years ago. Cost certainly does not dictate 'traditionally made', because workers' wages in China or India are on a very different level to those in Europe of course.

This question remains as an elephant in the room.

Here is a video of blade making in Sheffield, filmed in 1979, showing how knives were 'traditionally made by hand' then in the same way that they had been for hundreds of years. Below are historical examples from Europe and Japan, going back to the 14th century.

The Sept 2024 update to the Offensive Weapons Act 2019

In September 2024 the Offensive Weapons Act 2019 was updated to redefine what a 'zombie knife or sword' is. During that process, the useful opportunity was taken to clarify was 'traditionally handmade' covered, and also to add a new defence for blunt blades. This is great news, because it means that most blunt fencing, re-enactment and theatrical weapons now have a more robust and clear legal defence. This new defence and the addition to traditional manufacture was made for 'zombie knives', but also extended to cover curved swords with blades over 50cm.

For reference, here is is the text of the law (taken from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2024/583/made )

5D.—(1) It is a defence for a person charged—

(a)with an offence under section 141(1) or (1A) of the Criminal Justice Act 1988; or

(b)with an offence under section 50(2) or (3) of the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979,

in respect of any conduct of the person relating to a weapon to which section 141 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 applies by virtue of paragraph 1(sa) to show that the weapon was made by hand.

(2) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1), a weapon is made by hand if the making (including construction, finish and decoration) of the weapon is accomplished predominantly by one or more of the following methods—

(a)hand labour;

(b)manually-controlled methods which permit the maker to control and vary the construction, shape, design and finish of each part of each weapon (including the use of hand-controlled power tools).

5E.—(1) It is a defence for a person charged—

(a)with an offence under section 141(1) or (1A) of the Criminal Justice Act 1988; or

(b)with an offence under section 50(2) or (3) of the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979,

in respect of any conduct of the person relating to a weapon to which section 141 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 applies by virtue of paragraph 1(r) or (sa) to show that the weapon in question is blunt.

(2) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1), a weapon is blunt if it does not have any of the following elements—

(a)a thin edge adapted to cutting;

(b)a sharp point adapted to piercing;

(c)any other element adapted to cutting or piercing.”

What do we want and what can you do?

Firstly, it's important that we all respect the law and the reasons it was put in place. We want to help reduce violent crime, where it is demonstrated that a law can help do so. We want to help upkeep the law and comply with it.

We also don't want to see people convicted of a crime needlessly, where they believed they were acting lawfully. This can ruin lives and cause great damage to society, not to mention great cost financially and in resources for the administrative and legal systems.

We want to help reduce the very onerous burden that has been placed on officials such as the Police and Border Force, by finding ways of reducing their workloads in implementing this somewhat vague piece of legislation.

We want to see the law and its administration clarified. The legislation is very poorly thought out and lacking in detail, especially when it comes to applying the legal defences. It is very ambiguous and captures items, people and activities that it was never supposed to. It means that a stage actor during lockdown, a school fencing club, or a retired Army General can be found in possession of prohibited Offensive Weapons. We believe that this is unfair not only to the public, but also to officials.

We want to keep carrying on with our popular and beneficial legal activities, such as fencing, re-enactment, shows and film making, without perpetual fear of prosecution. These are fantastic for personal well being, health and culture, as well as creating jobs, wealth and entertainment. Millions of people from around the world travel to see these cultural activities in the UK every year.

We call for curved swords to be REMOVED from the Offensive Weapons Act forthwith. The Act needs to be reviewed urgently by MPs and a select committee, to analyse any demonstrable benefits (if any can be identified at all), weighed against the drawbacks to the public, sporting and cultural activities, businesses and officials, in terms of rights, cost, time and stress.

We are open to input, suggestions and dialogue. We want to improve the currently confusing and contradictory legal situation that many of us are having to live with.

We welcome support and collaboration from people who these laws affect and interest. If you have anything to offer, from moral support by writing to your MP or the media, or by offering copyright free photos to the campaign, or legal advice, then please get in contact.

This is just the start.

Lord Clive 'of India', positioned between the Foreign & Commonwealth Office and His Majesty's Treasury, in Westminster, sporting a curved sword with a blade over 50cm long. Is a metal sword on a statue illegal? If Clive were alive today he would be breaking the law by owning a curved ceremonial sword:

Generic cover letter (Word doc) which you can tailor to your own needs for importing curved swords into the UK. You need to provide your own legal defence exemptions and show evidence of those. Your letter and documents should be attached to the OUTSIDE of the box to facilitate easier import.